Authors: Farzeen Basith, A R Deepti
Abstract: The interplay between the advancements in quantum computing techniques and the adoption of the distributed learning approach pose an enormous challenge to conventional cryptographic authentication protocols. Traditional public key systems and federated learning (FL) authentication methods based on the hardness of solving the integer factorization problem or discrete logarithms become inefficient due to the existence of Shor’s algorithm. This paper gives a detailed review of the latest research efforts toward the development of efficient and secure privacy-preserving FL authentication methods based on Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). In particular, we present the state-of-the-art of three schemes, namely, PQBFL (Post-Quantum Blockchain-based Federated Learning), ZKFL-PQ (Zero-Knowledge Federated Learning with Lattice-Based Encryption), and Enhanced EAADE for vehicular networks. It is shown that lattice-based authentication is both computationally efficient (signing times of around 0.65 ms) and robust against quantum attacks. Our proposed hybrid scheme is comprised of ML-KEM for key encapsulation, ML-DSA-65 for digital signatures, and Zero-knowledge proof for gradient integrity verification. The empirical evaluation shows a reduction of 44.96% in the computation cost and 22.16% in the communication cost relative to the class.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20233619
